Curriculum Development and Design Essay

These projects emerged from the thinking about a gathering of pioneers who accepted that the instructive methodology that had been created by clinical training trend-setters at McMaster University was additionally generally pertinent for the planning of word related specialists and physiotherapists. Thusly, a gathering of teachers from the two establishments, Mohawk College and McMaster University, joined their abilities and made a dream that turned into the recognition programs in word related treatment and physiotherapy. This methodology was issue based learning, and was utilized as the establishment for the two projects from their beginning to the current day, across three distinct emphasess of educational program. One of the key developments to the manner by which the school programs were instructed was the mix of utilizing staff from both the college and school to show all courses. During the 1980s, a degree fulfillment program was propelled that gave alumni of the confirmation program an opportunity to redesign their capability to an unhitched males certificate from McMaster University. This was especially significant since the base certification for section to rehearse had been raised to the baccalaureate level by the expert affiliations. In 1989, the program moved totally into the college setting and the alumni were conceded a BHSc(PT) or BHSc(OT), a four year certification in wellbeing sciences. After ten years, in 2000, applicants were admitted to the entrylevel aces programs in word related treatment and physiotherapy. The Pedagogical Framework: Problem-based Learning As quickly alluded to over, the word related treatment and physiotherapy programs at McMaster University have a solid history with and inheritance of issue based learning. While the underlying educational program models were firmly impacted by the debut undergrad clinical educational plan, time and certainty introduced chances to make our own models. These models mirror the extraordinary subtleties of each order. Issue based learning is perceived as having started at McMaster University, in the clinical educational plan, and was in light of basic worries about the idea of increasingly conventional learning models in clinical educational programs. The aim was to make a way to deal with educating and discovering that was student focused, yet dependent on clear destinations and assessment standards. The key contrast was the desire that students would be encouraged and guided as opposed to instructed (Barrows and Tamblyn 1980; Neufeld 1983; Saarinen and Salvatori 1994). Both the word related treatment and physiotherapy programs at McMaster University have grasped these thoughts, despite the fact that with varying degrees of association and promise to the first model. Truth be told, genuine issue based taking in models ought to normally rise up out of every individual setting and culture. There is no â€Å"right† path in spite of the fact that there is a developing acknowledgment of a typical arrangement of standards and components that can be applied to decide the â€Å"problembased-ness† of a learning domain (Maudesley 1994; Walton and Matthews 1989). Issue based learning standards will in general become assembled in two unmistakable classifications: first, the qualities whereupon issue based learning is based and second, a few attributes that are held in like manner understanding as being basic to the center of issue based learning. Basic qualities include: association, trustworthiness and transparency, shared regard, and trust. Center qualities fuse: Chapter 2 Curriculum Development and Design 13 I Learning which is understudy/student focused I Faculty jobs that are those of facilitator and guide I Learning situations which structure the premise, center, and upgrade for learning I New data and understanding that is obtained through self-coordinated learning (Baptiste 2003 p. 17) Consequently, there is a continuum of issue based educational programs from unadulterated through half and half models. The bosses section level physiotherapy and word related treatment programs at the School of Rehabilitation Science at McMaster University keep on being founded on issue based standards. Albeit the two projects are totally different one from the other, there are additionally numerous basic components and approaches that are commended. Instances of these similitudes are refered to all through this book, especially in the parts concentrating on proof based practice and morals training. Moving toward the Task of Curriculum Renewal Perhaps one of the most overpowering, yet energizing, assignments with which to be defied is the chance and challenge of building up another educational program. This errand is made much additionally overwhelming whenever conditions give an opportunity to accomplish something other than what's expected dependent on outside powers and not a need to change on the grounds that â€Å"something is broken†. In the course of recent years, and in quite a long while to come, numerous instructive projects in recovery science are confronting this circumstance. The changing idea of the passage level accreditation for word related specialists and physiotherapists requests that personnel embrace a point by point survey of educational programs, to decide the ideal way to deal with pushing toward graduate-level arrangement, or, at any rate, total an audit of existing educational programs models to distinguish their responsiveness and harmoniousness with developing practice desires and requests. Ways to deal with such a huge errand can fluctuate from guaranteeing the protection of what is acceptable from the current educational program to making an absolute move and embracing a profoundly Table 2. 1. Standards for curricular change and advancement Rationale ought to be verbalized unequivocally Overall objectives ought to be emphasized continually all through the procedure Continuing correspondence is fundamental, combined with a reasonable method of reasoning Ensure that the planned change is because of a characterized and perceived need or reason Ensure that the advancement is viewed as a high institutional need Focus on instructional method and not on assets for usage Foster solid initiative help Identify motivating forces for workforce support Gain personnel purchase in for the curricular outline Involve the dynamic training staff all through the procedure Anticipate possible boundaries to change and create techniques to address them Recognize the expected requirement for and estimation of arrangement Adapted from Guze (1995) 14 Sue Baptiste, Patricia Solomon 2 new methodology and structure. To have an ideal impact, alternatives to be considered should bear pertinence to the infesting society of the establishment and condition inside which the educational plan is to flourish. Likewise, choices must be settled on concerning the instructive decisions of how student focused the educational plan ought to be, and what specific instructive modalities are the best for the conditions. This part will address the whole image of educational program advancement and plan, from the principal discussions about how to participate in the recharging procedure through creation choices about techniques for instructing, ways to deal with student appraisal, and arrangement of passage level professionals for the rising practice settings. Guze (1995) gave a reasonable and brief conversation of a few center rules that can direct curricular change and advancement (Table 2. 1). Coming up next is a review of these standards. Where to Begin? Inspiration for educational program recharging can emerge out of both interior and outer powers. Outer desires from administrative and proficient bodies are having a tendency to force measures for new experts that require: I Preparation at a propelled degree of clinical thinking and judgment I The capacity to expect jobs that require self-sufficiency and a solid feeling of expert morals I Engaging in their expert job from the primary day of training, in a cognizant nd moral way that requires reflection and mindfulness Regardless of whether the inspiration for curricular change comes from a longing to improve, or from outside impacts, the errand is one that requires cautious arranging. Nonetheless, it is basic that any arranging procedure perceives the need to dream and imagine what cou ld be, to make a model that will represent those dreams, and to deliver an alumni who is decidedly ready to confront the complexities and difficulties of developing practice. When building up an educational plan, four general inquiries must be posed: I What is the reason for the educational program? I What instructive encounters can be made to satisfy this reason? What is the best way where to sort out these instructive encounters? I How would we be able to discover that the reason has been satisfied and the objectives achieved (Wiers et al. 2002)? Another extremely basic component of any change is the acknowledgment that the social setting is a key in overseeing change effectively. Hafferty (1998), while reflecting upon the real factors of a clinical school educational plan, talks about the presence of casual and shrouded educational programs just as the proper educational program. He places that, so as to instigate an enduring change, the whole hierarchical culture should be locke d in to encourage understudies and personnel the same in grasping and working with change. When confronting the undertaking of curricular change, upgrade needs to happen as far as substance, yet additionally according to the Chapter 2 Curriculum Development and Design 15 instructive procedures that empower the figuring out how to occur. This is the distinction between transforming the schedule and improving the educational plan; the general learning condition of the instructive program and organization is changed (Burton and McDonald 2001). When the choice has been made to change the educational program, an initial step is to finished an ecological output and situational investigation that investigate the instructive and authoritative condition inside the foundation, to figure out what will encourage the proposed changes. By characterizing a reasonable and recently enunciated set of riorities and rules, changes that are being made inside the educational plan will be given the vehicle through which effect can be made upon the general condition (Genn

Globalization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Globalization - Term Paper Example suspicion that globalization involves financial coordination, trade of information, just as reliance of political and administrative choices of world nations. Among the most recent meanings of globalization is that of Al-Rodhan, who presumes that â€Å"globalization is a procedure that incorporates the causes, course, and results of transnational and transcultural joining of human and non-human activities† (Al-Rodhan 5). In this way, it tends to be said that globalization is the procedure which makes combination and correspondence between nations, countries, organizations and people simpler and less reliant on political or regional imperatives. This implies state limits or significant distances assume a less significant job in correspondence and participation of countries. As nations become progressively incorporated, they become increasingly interconnected and associated in numerous parts of their tasks. Innovative improvements in transportation and correspondence have made i t workable for world nations and individuals to turn out to be nearer. The Internet, in its turn, has accelerated and strengthened the procedure. Accessibility and relative inexpensiveness of Internet access far and wide has weakened the states’ limits having permitted more individuals and organizations to work globally. This has caused various kinds of globalizations to turn out to be increasingly particular and incredible. Among the significant kinds of globalization are monetary (budgetary), socio-social, and political (Dreher, Gaston, and Martens 2). Monetary and money related sorts of globalization are among the most examined ones since they are identified with reliance of world economies, expanded progressions of worldwide capital and cross-fringe exchange of merchandise and enterprises (Shangquan 1). Mechanical progressions in transportation and... The aim of this examination is globalization as a mind boggling process that contacts all the circles of people’s lives. Subsequently, much the same as most of inside procedures of every nation, globalization inspires both positive and negative results. On a positive side are, unquestionably, the spread of advancements, facilitated commerce, and an expansion in return of items between the nations. Globalization carries monetary and money related improvement to less created nations, and new business chances to the entire world society. In any case, it can't be said that globalization can be made to work for all, since focal points in certain viewpoints acquire burdens others. For instance, the spread of correspondence and Internet advancements has permitted organizations to re-appropriate occupations from more unfortunate nations to exploit the lower wage rates. Thus, home nation experts either lose their positions or need to work for lower compensations. So also, redistributin g of business forms, while is an extraordinary driver for India’s economy, has lead to uprooting of some help segment employments in created nations. Globalization reduces the significance of fringes and, bolstered by the Internet, takes into consideration free development of data. Accordingly, it is turning out to be increasingly more hard for governments to control and stifle data they want to confine. The Internet even furnishes huge organizations with chances to show self-overseeing conduct.

Developing a Learning Organisation: HRM

Building up a Learning Organization: HRM You are a HRM supervisor in a worldwide organization. Your CEO has focused on it that the organization should turn into a learning association. You have been asked by the CEO to deal with this task. Talk about what is implied by a learning association, why it is significant and as a HR chief how you would set up and build up a learning society in the association. WHAT IS HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT? WHAT MAKES STRATEGIC HRM MORE STRATEGIC THAN HRM Key HRM has gotten topical as of late yet years however definitions with regards to what is implied by the term change generally. XXX. Ordinarily, key HRM spans business technique and HRM and spotlights on the reconciliation of HR with the business and its condition. The principle method of reasoning for vital HRM believing is that by incorporating HRM with the business procedure, as opposed to HR systems being a different arrangement of needs, representatives will be overseen all the more successfully, hierarchical execution will improve and along these lines business achievement will follow. This in itself may not be sufficient. Tony Grundy (1998) proposes: HR Strategy in itself may not be compelling. Incorporating Corporate Strategy and HR matters into an Organization and People Strategy may demonstrate progressively fruitful. HR the executives should be firmly incorporated with administrative arranging and dynamic (i.e., global HR, estimating, arranging, and mergers and acquisitions). Progressively, an associations top administration knows that an opportunity to consider hierarchical HRM qualities or constraints is when vital authoritative choices are being figured, not after basic strategies have been chosen. A closer mix between top administrations objectives and HRM rehearses assists with evoking and prize the sorts of conduct vital for accomplishing an associations system. For instance, if an association is wanting to get known for its top notch items, HRM staff should structure evaluation and prize frameworks that accentuate quality so as to help this serious procedure. Key HRM is a result, as authoritative frameworks are intended to accomplish economical upper hand through individuals. For other people, notwithstanding, SHRM is seen as a procedure, the way toward connecting HR practices to business technique (Armstrong, 2006). Vital administration of HR incorporates HRM arranging. The HRM arranging process includes estimating HRM needs and creating projects to guarantee that the correct numbers and sorts of people are accessible at the ideal time and spot. Such data empowers an association to design its enlistment, choice, and preparing systems. For instance, lets state an associations HRM plan appraises that 12 extra data frameworks (IS) professionals will be required during the following year. The association ordinarily enlists late IS graduates to fill such positions. Since these majors are popular, the association chooses to start its enlisting right off the bat in the school year, before different associations can grab away the best up-and-comers. WHAT IS A LEARNING Organization As per Peter Senge (1990: 3) learning associations are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦organizations where individuals constantly grow their ability to make the outcomes they really want, where new and sweeping examples of reasoning are sustained, where aggregate desire is liberated, and where individuals are ceaselessly figuring out how to see the entire together. A learning association is just put an association that learns and supports learning among its kin and information which improves sufficiently quick to endure and flourish in a quickly evolving condition. It gives trade of data consequently making an increasingly educated workforce. This delivers an increasingly adaptable association empowering hazard taking with new thoughts, permits botches, gain for a fact and adjust to new thoughts and changes through a common vision. Learning associations are not just the most elegant or current administration pattern, they can give workplaces that are available to innovative idea, and grasp the idea that answers for progressing business related issues are accessible inside all of us. All we should do is tap into the information base, which enables us to think fundamentally and inventively, the capacity to impart thoughts and ideas, and the capacity to help out other individuals during the time spent request and activity (Navran Associates Newsletter 1993). (Navran Associates Newsletter.) THE FIVE DISCIPLINES Subside Senge is a main essayist in the zone of learning associations, whose original works The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, and The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook: Strategies and Tools for Building a Learning Organization clarify that there are five orders, which must be aced when presenting such an association: Mutual Vision: The key vision question is What would we like to make together?. Requiring some serious energy right off the bat in the change procedure to have the discussions expected to shape a really shared vision is urgent to assemble normal understandings and responsibilities, release people groups desires and trusts and uncover reservations and resistances.ã‚â Leaders figure out how to utilize devices, for example, Positive Visioning, Concept-moving and Values Alignment to make a common vision, produce basic significance/center and commonly concur what the realizing targets, improvement systems and challenge-objectives ought to be to arrive. (Senge 1990: 9) Mental Models: One key to change achievement is in surfacing profound situated mental models convictions, values, attitudes and presumptions that decide the manner in which individuals think and act. Connecting with the pondering change in your work environment, testing or explaining suspicions and urging individuals to reframe is essential.ã‚â Leaders figure out how to utilize devices like the Ladder of Inference and Reflective Inquiry to work on making their psychological models more clear for one another and testing every others suppositions so as to fabricate shared comprehension. (Senge 1990: 8) Individual Mastery is midway to do to pass the time mindfulness the amount we think about ourselves and the effect our conduct has on others. Individual authority is the human substance of progress to oversee change connections delicately, to be eager to have our own convictions and qualities tested and to guarantee our change communications and practices are credible, harmonious and principled. Pioneers figure out how to utilize apparatuses like Perceptual Positions and Reframing to upgrade the nature of connection and relationship in and outside their groups. (Senge 1990: 139) Group Learning happens when groups begin thinking together sharing their experience, bits of knowledge, information and abilities with one another about how to improve. Groups create reflection, request and conversation aptitudes to direct increasingly dexterous change discussions with one another which structure the reason for making a mutual vision of progress and settling on normal responsibilities to activity. Its likewise about groups building up the control to utilize the activity learning cycle thoroughly in change-work.ã‚â Leaders figure out how to utilize apparatuses like the Action-Learning Cycle and Dialog to create basic reflection abilities and direct progressively vigorous, handy conversations with their groups and each other.ã‚â (Senge 1990: 10) Frameworks Thinking is a system for seeing between connections that underlie complex circumstances and cooperations as opposed to oversimplified (and for the most part mistaken) direct reason impact chains. It empowers groups to unwind the regularly shrouded nuances, impacts, influence focuses and expected/unintended outcomes of progress plans and projects and prompts further, increasingly complete attention to the interconnections behind changing any framework. Pioneers figure out how to utilize Systems Thinking Maps and Archetypes to outline dissect circumstances, occasions, issues and potential causes/blueprints to discover better (and frequently not self-evident) change choices/arrangements. (Subside Senge (1990: 23) THREE TYPES OF Organization LEARNING Single-Loop Learning Twofold Loop Learning Triple-Loop Learning It is safe to say that we are doing things right? It is safe to say that we are doing the correct things? How would we choose what is correct? Single-Loop Learning Single-circle learning expect that issues and their answers are near one another in existence (thought they regularly arent). In this type of learning, we are fundamentally thinking about our activities. Little changes are made to explicit practices or practices, in view of what has or has not worked previously. This includes improving without essentially looking at or testing our fundamental convictions and suspicions. The objective is enhancements and fixes that regularly appear as methods or rules. Single-circle learning prompts making minor fixes or modifications, such as utilizing an indoor regulator to direct temperature. Is it true that we are doing things right? Heres what to do-techniques or rules. Twofold Loop Learning Twofold circle learning prompts experiences concerning why an answer works. In this type of learning, we are thinking about our activities in the structure of our working presumptions. This is the degree of procedure examination where individuals become spectators of themselves, asking, What is going on here? What are the examples? We need this knowledge to comprehend the example. We change the manner in which we settle on choices and extend comprehension of our presumptions. Twofold circle learning works with major fixes or changes, such as overhauling an authoritative capacity or structure. Is it accurate to say that we are doing the correct things? Heres why this works-bits of knowledge and examples. Triple-Loop Learning Triple-circle learning includes standards. The learning goes past understanding and examples to setting. The outcome makes a move in understanding our unique circumstance or perspective. We produce new duties and methods of learning. This type of learning provokes us to see how issues and arrangements are connected, in any event, when isolated broadly by time

The Right To Be Free Essays - A Lesson Before Dying, Free Essays

The Right To Be Free Essays - A Lesson Before Dying, Free Essays The Right To Be Free The Right to Be Free In the novel A Lesson Before Dying, in spite of the fact that Grant is an informed dark man in the period of a supremacist society he has battles more prominent than most men of his fair. I feel frustrated about him due to his confinements, despite the fact that I see him as a quitter. He can't break liberated from his experience and family. The three primary female characters in the novel, Tante Lou, Miss Emma, and Vivian, confine and limit Grant's decisions. Award understands that opportunity implies leaving his modest community and making another life, yet every lady holds a chain that keeps him from his predetermination and the option to be free. In the first place, Tante Lou, his auntie holds Grant from his fantasies by declining to release him his own specific manner. Tante Lou needs Grant to remain at home with her and deal with her. Be that as it may, in the time the novel happens, it wasn't basic for youngsters remain with their older folks and help out, particularly when Grant has an advanced education and can achieve to such an extent. Tante Lou exploited this in any methods fundamental, utilizing the way that Grant is family and generally owes it to her to remain and assist. We can see this on page 14 when Tante Lou powers Grant to converse with Mr. Henri about observing Jefferson. You are going up there with us Grant, or you won't rest in this house today around evening time. Tante Lou denies Knodt 2 Award decisions that men his age have. Next, Miss Emma, who doesn't have a family connection to Grant, likewise confines his decisions throughout everyday life. Miss Emma assumes a significant job in the novel by being Jefferson's back up parent, and in a careful circumstance. She asks Grant such that gives him no genuine decisions to instruct Jefferson to take care of business. Inclining toward her capacity to convince, and utilizing her capacity as a broad companion to Tante Lou she can essentially instruct Grant and pulls off it. She realized Grant would not like to proceed to show Jefferson, yet at the same time proceeded with it. Driving along the St. Charles River I could feel Emma not taking a gander at me, not taking a gander at anything..just thinking. Like my Aunt she realized the amount I abhorred all of this.(p.68) Miss Emma accordingly powers Grant to do matters that she needs, not what Grant thinks he can do. Thirdly, Vivian, the adoration for his life, is likewise restricting Grant's capacity to settle on choices dependent on his own expectation. She comprehends Grant's have to leave and see new things, however has limitations throughout her life that won't permit her to assist Grant with starting another presence. Vivian is in a drawn out separation and requirements to oversee it so she can keep up care of her youngsters. We see a case of this on page 93. How about we head off to some place and go through the night. Mallet Rouge, New Orleans-anyplace, Grant inquires. I can't, My Babies. This sentence alone portrays the strife she is proceeding with her own compromising angles and how it impacts Grant's decisions. I think the book is a captivating novel and surfaced significant issues managed in the public arena. Religion, prejudice, and numerous different articles of today are only a couple. In any case, Grant is a mind boggling character and can be delineated altogether. His training holds him to another Knodt3 standard not expected of individuals in those days, however retains him from arriving at his fantasies. He can't discover what he is searching for in this modest community that A Lesson Before Dying happens in. I feel frustrated about him until Jefferson shows him different components required to being a genuine and particular sort of man. He advances drastically. In any case, his should be free is as yet controlled by Tante Lou, Miss Emma, and Vivian in various, yet significant ways.

Should Psychologists Abstain from Involvement in Coercive Interrogations

The issues of whether analyst ought to take an interest in coercive cross examinations draw strongly isolated assessments among specialists and even the general population. Some accept that analysts are a fundamental piece of the cross examinations since they can guarantee that the detainees or prisoners are not taken care of with savagery. Publicizing We will compose a custom basic composing test on Should Psychologists Abstain from Involvement in Coercive Interrogations? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, others accept that the clinician support has the capability of damaging the global human rights and the set of principles of the calling. In such manner, Mark Costanzo, Ellen Gerrity and Brinton Lyke reason that cooperation of therapists in cross examinations ought to be prohibited (Slife, 2010, p. 312). In resistance an insight advisor and a therapist Kirk Hubbard give a contention that forbidding analyst from taking part in cross examinations is a li mitation of the manners in which that clinicians can morally ensure general society by offering their help to government insights. It is Unethical for Psychologists to Be Involved in Interrogations The significant calling association for therapist in the US, The American Psychological Association (APA) implements various moral prerequisites to the rehearsing clinicians (Slife, 2010, p. 313). These norms incorporate; The Beneficence and Non-wrongdoing Principle that requires the analysts to attempt however much as could reasonably be expected â€Å"to do no harm† to the individuals they manage and furthermore endeavor to secure the government assistance and human privileges of the individuals they connect with. Other than they are additionally required to watch and regard tight and pride of others. Analysts are required to regard the value of each person. Support of analyst in the constrained cross examinations is an encroachment of the privileges of those they are managing, a nd an infringement of the implicit rules give by APA (Slife, 2010, p. 313). Compulsion causes metal and physical mischief and when over the top torment is utilized, I can leave dependable results to the people in question and the culprits of the torment. Promoting Looking for basic composition on brain science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies the therapist are included they neglect to watch respect and privileges of individuals, thinking about the government assistance of others, expert and social duty and absence of respectability or fitness (Harris Botticelli, 2010, p. 116). A Ban on Such Interrogations Unnecessary Psychologists are ostensibly working superbly profiting numerous individuals in the network and scrutinizing their strategies is inappropriate. Throughout the decades, the calling of brain science has attempted to separate itself as a one of a kind logical field that is critical in the present soci ety assuming essential jobs in administration, security and military exercises (Harris Botticelli, 2010, p. 117). In this present reality where individuals can only with significant effort concede to what is correct and what's going on, the activities that advantage numerous others appear to be the better perspectives on is fortunate or unfortunate (Harris Botticelli, 2010, p. 116). On account of dangers from dread, Hubbard recommends that the security insights are just left with an alternative of watching what the fear based oppressor do, tune in to what they state and how they act, to know their goals (Slife, 2010, p. 322). Despite what the US gatherings of clinicians think, psychological oppressor intend to hurt honest individuals and disturb their lifestyle. Forbidding the association of the analysts implies this would limit their commitment to the assurance of the entire society. Other than the clinicians won't be responsible to the general public considering they may have negl ected to forestall a frequency that was preventable (Bersoff, 2008, p. 326). It’s reckless to retain data that can impact potential psychological militants to unveil significant data on the grounds that the implicit rules needs to secure individuals who couldn't care less about outcomes of their activities (Bersoff, 2008, p. 326).Advertising We will compose a custom basic composing test on Should Psychologists Abstain from Involvement in Coercive Interrogations? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Should Psychological Measure Be Utilized During Imminent Danger Of Potential Terror Attacks? Hubbard says yes (Slife, 2010, p. 322). His explanation is that it is a positive way that analysts can add to the security of the general public. In addition, this is an issue of an individual right and the advantages of wellbeing to an entire society. The ticking bomb circumstance are genuine and this is the motivation behind why analyst should be permitted to step up to the table and offer elective ways that are powerful in acquiring critical data when there is up and coming peril of dread assault (Slife, 2010, p. 323). There are various genuine models where dread assaults have been captured in the wake of getting vital data along these lines. Reference List Bersoff, D. (2008). Moral Conflicts in Psychology. (fourth Ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Harris, A., Botticelli, S. (2010). First Do No Harm: The Paradoxical Encounters of Psychoanalysis, Warmaking And Resistance.â , London: Taylor Francis Slife, B. (2010). Favoring one side: Clashing Views on Psychological Issues. New York: McGraw-Hill This basic composition on Should Psychologists Abstain from Involvement in Coercive Interrogations? was composed and put together by client Helen F. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Enablers And Barriers To Effective Pain Assessment And Management Essay

Enablers And Barriers To Effective Pain Assessment And Management Essay Enablers And Barriers To Effective Pain Assessment And Management â€" Essay Example > IntroductionPain is an indicator that arises to flag out that a sense or an emotion has been traumatized or has been injured, this is especially so when blood, marrow or skin tissue has been damaged (Francoeur, et al, 2007). Pain is an experience that is subject to a particular individual and therefore not transferable to any other person, this aspect makes hard for one to put themselves in the shoes of the sufferer since they cannot understand the pain. The ability to feel pain is important in order to prevent one from injurious situations (Kikwilu, et al, 2008). Pain is usually what one would feel when they cut a finger, pour an antiseptic on a wound or even when a muscle clumps up. In order for a physician to diagnose an illness, assessing pain is crucial in prescribing, proper and efficient management of pain (Upshur, et al, 2006). There are no universal tools to determine the levels or severity of pain, therefore, a physician relies majorly on indicators in both physical and in behaviour. There are various steps and techniques that can be used to identify barriers, how to assess pain (Ward, et al, 2009). These are significant in the process of ensuring proper and efficient assessment of pain. Pain is the first indicator that a patient experiences, it notifies them that everything is not alright, physically, psychologically, spiritually and even emotionally and thus seeking medical attention and opinion. This can be affirmed by more than 35 million medical visits that are done to physicians as recorded in 1984 by Knapp and Koch (Geertzen, et al, 2006). According to International Association for the Study of Pain i. e. (IASP), pain is the unpleasant experience of the senses and emotions that is associated with real or potential damage to the tissues. There has been extensive research as to the understanding of pain in a particular individual’s experience, and the aspects of pain, and how they are influenced by various elements. Therefore, the reasoning is that there is no single physiological contributor to pain as other factors as psyche and issues in society has a part to play in factors that contribute to pain (Upshur, et al, 2006). The sufferer is the only one who can describe what they are undergoing at that particular time since they are the only one experiencing the actual and real pain. There are however, other sources of pain. These include among others, lesions formed after surgeries, and chronic tumours that are non-malignant. In all these scenarios, it is reasonably common for the patient to suffer, complain n report of experiencing acute pain to the physician (Sorkin, 2005) Researchers in the field of pain have traditionally categorized pain as a) acute pain. B) Pain related to cancer and c) Pain groups associated with chronic non-malignant tumours. Acute pain is described and identified as the reaction to trauma or an attack of a disease. In this case, symptoms of pain are seen as a direct proportionate to the ext ent of the disease or injury, or damage to the tissues (Francoeur, et al, 2007). More often than not, researchers have observed over time that symptoms tend to gradually, follow a certain trend over an expected period. This is so to ailments or conditions that may are known to stretch over long periods of time, be it weeks, months and sometimes years. Sorkin (2005) indicates that acute pain may happen in a sudden and are caused by trauma, surgeries or as a result of an acute disease which may go on and on for days and even into weeks. Among examples of acute pains are the unvarying pains like burns, regular or irregular pains i. e. as is in cases where cuts have been made to the stomach.

Information technology, Environment & Economic Development - 550 Words

Information technology, Environment and Economic Development (Essay Sample) Content: GlobalizationNameUnitInstructorDate of SubmissionAbstractGlobalization, a driven process by different forms such as international trade and investment relieved by information technology, is well defined as a process of integration and interaction among people, companies and governments belonging to different nations.Nevertheless, the initiated process has effects on the culture, environment, and well-being of humans as well as economic development in world-wide societies.Keywords : International trade, Information technology, Environment and Economic development.IntroductionGlobalization not being a strange thing and for decades, trading in lands at far distances such as selling of passion fruits from countries like Kenya or Uganda exported to Belgium has been a success through use Information technology and this has enhanced economic development between the countries, therefore, drawing back to 1950s, the volume of world trade has increased by almost 20 folds and fro m 1994 to 1999 increase form $465 billion to $827 billion foreign investment was almost doubled.DiscussionTechnology advances has further transformed economic life giving diverse tools for business investors as well as consumers a chance to be informed faster and be always informed of the economic trends taking place worldwide and also having collaboration with far-off business partners.The member countries of UNFCCC in conjunction with Kyoto Protocol have agreed in setting emission caps - a device that ceils the emission released into the atmosphere by any country within any particular time frame.Talking of trade, opportunities in the Least Developed Countries tend to be improved by agricultural products being exported duty free by The LDCs to foreign markets within tariff quota limits, which is set to be increased annually by almost 15%.ConclusionGlobalization has increased the state of some of the LDCs by the force set in within the tariff quota system of the applied trade prefer ences. More of the climate problems have been efficiently controlled enabling more diverse investments to be put in place having in mind proper control measures are in.

Black Male Initiatives On College Campuses Essay - 2263 Words

There are several Black male initiatives on college campuses around the United States that focus on supporting the high school to college matriculation and retention of African American males. Furthermore, these initiatives are designed to support Black males as they navigate through their perspectives institutions (Palmer Gasman, 2008). Support can come in many ways. For the purpose of this section, I will highlight some of the programs that focus on the success of African American males; Penn GSE Grad Prep Academy, Sam Houston State University, The Ohio State, and UCLA. The Penn GSE Grad Prep Academy is a part of the Center for the Study of Race and Equity. The director of this program is Shaun Harper. According to the schools website (http://www.gse.upenn.edu/equity/content/mission-and-services), the program is designed to introduce students who have had few (if any) prior interactions with same-race male teachers, professors, and educational leaders to career possibilities in t he field of education. The ultimate program goal is to prepare African American males for admission to leading research universities, including the University of Pennsylvania. All accepted program participants receive an all-expense paid four-day visit to Philadelphia. During their time on the Penn campus, the participants attend workshops on searching for graduate programs, writing effective application statements, and crafting research agendas. Moreover, they interact with Penn GSEShow MoreRelatedIdentifying Strategies to Improve African American College Student Retention and Graduation Rates1690 Words   |  7 Pagesoffered if college completion rates are to be increased for this population. While overall college enrollment and graduation rates have risen for all minority groups, there continues to be concerns for this segment of the population, particularly for African American students. Even though there have been significant increases in enrollment and graduation figures over the past several decades, issues concerning retention persist. About 30 percent of African Americans who enroll in college drop outRead MoreCollege Student Retention And Success1423 Words   |  6 PagesAmber Caplan 01/28/16 College Student Retention and Success Part 1: Identify the student retention and success initiative The Achieving The Dream Initiative Many institutions face challenges retaining and graduating community college students. Students, faculty, staff, and administrators need work together to find ways to help these students succeed. Through the use of the Achieving the Dream initiative, the organization can help community colleges and their students to stay with their schoolRead MoreThe Harris Stowe State University917 Words   |  4 PagesTeachers College. The naming of the school was in regard to the honor of William Torrey Harris who served as a St. Louis superintendent of schools as well as the Commissioner of Education in the United States.in the year 1920, the university had the opportunity to offer a four-year bachelor’s degree for arts and education courses. Furthermore, the St. Louis school system established an educational system that trained black teachers in 1890, changing the university’s name to Stowe Teachers College. TheRead MoreThe Key Career Academies Focus At Risk Men And Women With The Goal Of Impacting Families2063 Words   |  9 Pagespost-residential structured mentoring component. The program has had many successes, including a 72% GED certification rate after three years of program implementation, and participants became twice as likely to earn some college credits (Wilmer and Bloom, 2014). By looking at programs and initiatives that are working and have data to prove their effectiveness, educators can see that young men of color can counter and even overcome many obstacles. High-poverty urban and rural communities do require studentsRead MoreGeneral Workforce Issues for Women Globally1477 Words   |  6 Pagesearning that later develops into related health issues (Johnson, 2012). Women are of the lowest paid in these positions because of their social and cultural stereotype as a â€Å"supplemental† income and as â€Å"dependents† under a primary income-providing male (Source #2). Young women are seen as a burden in countries that are transitioning from agricultural economies to textile industries because they are not considered to be valuable labor on farms (Keremitsis). Women are at risk for being fired due toRead MoreThe Target Is You: An Analysis of Hollisters Marketing Strategies2199 Words   |  9 PagesThe Target Is You: Hollister Executive Summary The aim of this paper is to provide an insight into Hollister Co.’s marketing communications and assess whether it successfully targets my demographic of young, male recent college graduates. The paper will first introduce Hollister and provide a brief company history as well as outlining the challenges in reaching out to consumers such as myself who differ from the brand’s intended targets. It will then segue to discussing Hollister’s position withinRead MoreEssay about Affirmative Action3693 Words   |  15 PagesAffirmative Action Affirmative action is a blanket term that refers to â€Å"the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, sex or national origin,† (Sykes). Before the Civil Rights Acts of 1965 and the 1954 Scott v. Topeka decision, there were â€Å"unwritten laws and protection for white men† against competition from women and ethnic minorities in prestigious professions, creating blatant inequality (Alsbrook). AffirmativeRead MoreA war against boys?2779 Words   |  12 Pagestests of reading and writing, and have lower class rank and fewer honors than girls. On college campuses, women now constitute the majority of students, passing men in 1982, so that in eight years women will earn 58 percent of bachelors degrees in U.S. colleges. Doomsayers lament that women now outnumber men in the social and behavioral sciences by about 3 to 1, and theyve invaded such traditionally male bastions as engineering (where they now make up 20 percent of all students) and biology andRead MoreStudent Vulnerabilities : An Analysis Of College Choice And Access Gaps Faced By Low Income Students Essay2184 Words   |  9 PagesRunning Head: STUDENT VULNERABILITIES: AN ANALYSIS OF COLLEGE CHOICE Student Vulnerabilities: An Analysis Of College Choice And Access Gaps Faced By Low-Income Students Literature Review Merrill Farmer Simon Fraser University Abstract Low income students face a number of financial, geographical, social, cultural and institutional vulnerabilities when choosing if and where they will attend postsecondary education. Higher achieving students from lower socioeconomicRead Moreâ€Å"I Wanted to Go to School but My Parents Told Me, No Essays6683 Words   |  27 Pagesdominant other. The connection between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians has been fraught with indifference, cruelty, racism, exclusion, discriminatory behaviour and prejudicial attitudes by the dominant group over the lesser ‘savage, hopeless, black’ group. Hollinsworth (2006:122) adds that not only was the indifference and low regard for Indigenous culture ‘immoral’ but also foolish and doomed to fail. Examples of Aborigines response to these policies included rejection and mistrust of the education

Sigmund Freud Changing the Way We Think About the Way We...

Sigmund Freud: Changing the Way We Think About the Way We Think Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, is world renowned. His view points and interpretations of human behavior that he has presented in his arguments have always made me take a deeper look at myself. He opens up a new way of seeing things. Talking about Freud, there is never a dull or boring moment, there is always some way you can look at yourself and see something you didnt see before. A physiologist, medical doctor, neurologist(one who studies the nervous system) psychologist. The id, ego, and super ego. The unconscious mind. Sexual drives as the primary motivator of life. Often thought of as a pedophile as well, but there is far more to this man and his†¦show more content†¦At seventy-three, Freud was ordered to retire to a sanitarium for his heart condition. He DID stop smoking, but only for 23 days. He then started smoking one cigar a day, then two. Soon his habit was as strong as ever. He was active, and worked, and smoked, up until his death at age 83. Some of Freud’s most famous works include Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, The Ego and the Id, The Interpretation of Dreams, and Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality was met with much violence and rejection at first, but was later accepted and supported strongly. I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father. I now consider this to be a universal event in childhood, Freud stated. The Oedipus complex, named after the Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. Freud said that each stage was a progression into sexual maturity, characterized by the strong ego and the ability to postpone gratification and pleasure. He used the Oedipus conflict to demonstrate how believed that people instinctively desire incest and must repress that desire. The Oedipus conflict was described as a state of psychosexual development and awareness. In The Ego and the Id, Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: Id, ego, and super-ego. Freud states (referencing consciousness and the unconsciousness) â€Å"there is nothingShow MoreRelatedParagraphs on State of Consciousness and Religion Essay639 Words   |  3 Pagesconsciousness are about the experience and about feeling the world. It is about your own deep feeling and therefore we need to bring them in its true light that is not rational but sensitive. Religion, in whatever form they may be is a reflection of a certain level of the consciousness. When a persons awareness is changing and expanding, also individual’s vision of the religion can change. 2. Briefly discuss how human capacity for development and change through life interacts with religion. I think that anyRead MoreWhat Can Psychology Teach Us About Human Development?1558 Words   |  7 PagesPSYCHOLOGY ESSAY WHAT CAN PSYCHOLOGY TEACH US ABOUT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? WORDCOUNT 1532 INTRODUCTION Psychology evolved out of both philosophy and biology. Discussions on the two subjects date as far back as the early Greek thinkers such as Aristotle and Socrates. The word psychology is derived from the Greek word ‘psyche’ meaning ‘soul’ or ‘mind’. Psychology is both an applied and academic field, that is the scientific study Of behaviour and experience. Research into psychology helps us toRead MoreNature of Personality751 Words   |  4 Pagesexactly alike; the same can be said about personality; no two personalities are exactly alike. For hundreds of years theorists have tried to figure out the mind and how it works when it comes to personality. They have devoted their lives to fitting our vast human personalities into groups defined by certain characteristics we all have in common. (A2zpsychology.com 2002-2004  ¶3) Environment, instincts, and experiences in life all contribute to who we are and who we grow to become. The nature ofRead MoreThe Theory Of Free Will And Determinism1310 Words   |  6 Pagesclash between causal necessity and human freedom was taken up by many philosophers put their own spin on the idea. Through this short text we will discuss the own theories of Hobbes, Laplace, Sartre, and Freud. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes provides the text of Freedom to Do What We Want, where he states his belief in the idea of free will, which is that we will are own person to be free. This philosopher believes in compatibilist, which is the conviction that free will and determinism are harmoniousRead MoreThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka919 Words   |  4 Pageshis work from reality. In the story The Metamorphosis, the main character wakes from a dream and has turned into a vermin. His family does not accept him for who he has become which causes him to alienate and distance himself from his family. In a way Gregor’s character is suffering because he just wants to be treated as a normal person, but he can’t be because he is no longer of human form. â€Å"Throwing off the blanket was quiet simple; all he had to do was puff himself up a little, and it droppedRead MoreHomosexuality Is Not a Psychological Disorder Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pages has caused a lot of criticism, many believe that the APA’s decision was made due to the amount of influence that the homosexual activism and not according to the scientific data that was collected. There are two possible sides to this assumption about whether or not homosexuality is and should be considered a psychological disorder. According to an article published in the Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology, edited by H. TristamRead MoreWhy Do We Dream?1356 Words   |  5 PagesWhy do we dream the things we dream? What dictates the content of the movies for one that we watch when we fall asleep? This is a question that nearly everyone has pondered at some point in their lives and humans have been studying in an attempt to answer for thousands of years. Humans spend approximately one third of their lives asleep, and the idea that such a great portion of our time is spent in a state that we do not fully understand is bothersome to many. As humans, it is a natural desire toRead MoreEvaluate the Claim That Identity Is Determined by Relationships1699 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Define Identity Quote Changing identities Gender identity Mines (DVD) Second Paragraph New mothers Gous quote Quote pg 254, 269 and 265 Body image Racial – Fanon - 278 Third Paragraph Social psychology Michael Billig – quote 274 National Identity – 212 Freud - quote Fourth Paragraph Conclusion Quote – 252 Erik Erikson Evaluate the claim that Identity is determined by relationships Definitions are important as they influence how we think and how our lives are shapedRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Nature and Nurture on Shaping of Behavior514 Words   |  3 Pagesit is a subject that is still in debate today. It brings up the question, how is our behaviour shaped, and the two sides of the answer are nature and nurture. Behaviour in the context of a human being can be described as; the way humans act and think in situations. What is meant by nature and nurture? Nature is the word used to describe the biological aspects that shape behaviour, for example genes. Nurture is the word used to describe the social aspects that shapeRead MoreFreuds Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay1779 Words   |  8 Pagesbehavior its immediate goal is to understand humanity by both discovering general principles and exploring specific cases. There have been numerous developments of psychology thanks to the magnificent works of Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, and Sigmund Freud. Each discovery has its own point of view; Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development point was made for parents and teachers challenge the childs abilities, Kohlberg’s theory of Moral Development was based on the understandings of moral concepts

Biomes Of South Afric The Human Influences On Biomes And...

This pie chart is proof that almost a quarter of the flora in South Africa falls into the category of â€Å"threatened† or â€Å"of conservation concern†. This project’s main aim is to investigate the different biomes in South Africa, the human influences on biomes and the meaning of biodiversity. Question 1: The biodiversity of a biome refers to the variety of living organisms, like plants, animals, fungi etc., found in this particular biome. Question 2: I live in Gauteng, South Africa which is classified as the grassland biome. Plants found in the grassland biome are also adapted to survive fire as grasslands often burn. Figure 2: sample of the grassland biome. Task 1: We as a group have chosen the savanna (terrestrial) and the wetland (aquatic) biomes of South Africa to investigate: Savannas 1.1) The Savannas are found around the northern parts and Lowvelds of Southern Africa, in the provinces: Mpumalanga, Limpopo, the North West province and parts of the Northern Cape, Gauteng, Kwazulu Natal and the Eastern Cape. The largest biome that makes up 46% of South Africa is the savanna biome. 1.2) Savannas are split into two layers: the upper layer which is called the ‘shrubveld’ and the lower layer called the ‘woolands’, or more commonly known as the ‘bushveld’. Savannas are generally warm and humid in the rainy seasons but cool down during the dry seasons (for more than seven months a year).Savannas have a wetdry climate and

Leadership Profile Analysis Essay - 1059 Words

In taking the leadership style inventories, it was not surprising to see the results. After completing almost thirty years in education, the results revealed the use of several styles in my leadership role. The Leadership Legacy results indicated that I was tied on two types of styles. They were Truth-Seeker and Experienced Guide. Tied again for one point less were Ambassador and People Mover. One less point again revealed Creative Builder. My lowest area was Advocate. I thought this assessment was close to my own perceptions. As a Truth-Seeker, I value fairness and I try to use best judgment in handling challenges. I am process oriented, and I try to remain neutral and objective in dealing with issues. In the Experienced Guide leadership†¦show more content†¦This matched my decision-making style. I am analytic in identifying problems, researching solutions and gathering input from other people before deciding on a solution. If the decision leads to controversy, I will work with the resistance to help move everyone to commit to the decision. The second strongest style is the Tell style. It is interesting that it has the same fact gathering style, but may not include input from others. I ask for other people’s input, but I am not afraid to make a decision if needed. I tied on the Sell and Join styles. I can sell people on a decision, but it is not my favorite style. I cannot see myself in the Join style. I am not someone who passes decision- making on to someone else. I want to have a say, but I will abide by a group decision. I am able to see the big picture and look to the future in a decision. In taking the Strengths based Leadership Assessment, I thought that the assessment was fairly accurate for my leadership style. I have two strengths in the Executing domain, Achiever and Arranger. As an achiever, I need to follow through on what I say I will do. I need to establish relationships that will foster collaboration and equality. I need to balance time with people that are important to me and make sure I acknowledge my appreciation of my co-workers. I need to let others know I enjoy working hard and provide reasonable timelines and tasks for getting big projects completed.Show MoreRelatedManaging Organizations and Leading People Company and Leadership Profile and SWAT analysis5497 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿Task 1: Organization and Leadership Analysis Table of Contents Organization Overview 4 Organization Description 4 The Company Mission 4 The Organization – SEAD 4 The CEO – Jon Shreve 5 Leadership Practices 6 Relationship Between Leadership and Organizational Culture 7 SWOT Analysis 9 Organizational Strengths 9 Technical Skills 9 Strategic Thinking 10 Organizational Weaknesses 11 Under-developed Leadership 11 Failing to deliver quality results 11 Organizational Opportunities 12 Political ForcesRead MoreWhat Did You Learn About Leadership Effectiveness And Flexibility? Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pages1. What did you learn about leadership effectiveness and flexibility? The Leader Behavior Analysis II Self Report provides insight on the flexibility associated with leadership effectiveness. True to the Ken Blanchard model, the results reflect the level in which the leader’s engagement strategy with the shifts to meet the situation of the follower (employee). Each situation of this partnership presents unforeseen challenges affecting the employee’s level of commitment. It is up to the leader toRead MoreDo you believe that the diagnosis and resulting profile prepared by Management Analysis825 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Chapter 11 Do you believe that the diagnosis and resulting profile prepared by Management Analysis Corporation was a necessary step in the process of finding potentially successful general managers? Explain The profile prepared by Management Analysis Corporation is the first step in the process of finding a potentially successful of general managers, but it is not the only step. Actually, after MAC has understood very clearly the needs of Dancey Electronics, they could picture the perfectRead MoreThe Story of Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook1108 Words   |  4 Pagespopularity, the clear gorilla in room today is Facebook which dominates the social media market. To determine how Zuckerberg achieved this impressive level of success before he reached 30, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature and an analysis of a case study of Zuckerberg and his enormous Facebook empire, followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion. Review and Discussion In August 2010, Facebook overtook Google as the online site where users spentRead MoreA Study On My Online Image910 Words   |  4 PagesBased on the above analysis I have identified three areas that I can realistically improve within the next three years. The first two involve education but are distinct enough to not simply classify in such a broad net. The two educational areas for improvement are bringing my certifications back into compliance and improving leadership skills. The third area that I feel needs improvement is my professional online image. I am in a field that requires certifications to not only show or prove the skillsetRead MoreMaaaaaa1547 Words   |  7 Pagescorporate culture †¢ Culture levels †¢ Culture levels Leadership Style Management Profile Organizational Structure Change Management †¢ Main forces †¢ Categories and change intensity †¢ Methodogy Agenda Organizational Image SOWT Analysis †¢Social Environment ïÆ' ¨ PEST Analysis †¢Task Environment ïÆ' ¨ Porter’s Five Forces Analysis †¢Internal Environment ïÆ' ¨ Value Chain Analysis Products Services †¢Voice †¢Data †¢Smart Net Customer Profiles Expectations †¢Consumer †¢Business Recommendations Read MoreThe Baldrige Performance Excellence Program1201 Words   |  5 Pagesend, a final goal is sought to reduce cost and get positive results for the organization. Criteria within the Baldrige model focuses on the successful operation of health care organizations that corroborate between units and departments, including leadership and performance, while also considering Joint Commission accreditation, Magnet status, and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement initiatives (The National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2014). The goal of the Baldrige model is to leadRead MoreImportance Of Self Concept : The Golden Profile Personality Assessment Created By Dr. John Golden And Gallup Strengths973 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated along with and how their followers are motivated, produce increased employee engagement thereby increasing innovation and higher levels of task performance. Self concept assessments Two self concept assessments were completed. The Golden Profile personality assessment created by Dr. John Golden and Gallup Strengths Finder assessment (Golden 2015; Gallup, 2014). The results of the Strengths Finder assessment show that I prefer to accomplish goals and tasks with people, I enjoy deep relationshipsRead MoreLeadership Theory Analysis And Application862 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Theory Analysis and Application There are many different leadership theories that have been proposed, tested, and studied over the years. Many organizations utilize these theories and practices to collect and analyze data within their own organizations which may allow them to find ways of increasing the effectiveness of their company. Although there are not any theories deemed completely perfect in leadership, many have been given lots of validity based on the and studies done involvingRead MoreStrategic Staffing Chapters 1-6851 Words   |  4 Pages price) - Business strategy – how to compete? Cost leadership (operational excellence), differentiation (product innovation), specialization (customer intimacy). - Growth strategy – organic or Mamp;A - human resource strategy – linking all human resource with business strategy to improve execution - Human resource strategy –derives staffing strategy - growth stage: product innovation; maturity: cost leadership; decline: cost leadership or specialization or differentiation - nine elements

Letters Giving Information Free Essays

Dear Sir/Madam, As the main organizer of performance that is being planned to stage at Can Tho university, I am writing to you on behalf of the students in my drama class to request that you be so kind as to help us to publicize the event. Now, I would like to give you some information about the performance. To welcome the Lunar New Year, my drama class is planning to stage a musical based upon George Bernad Shaw’s Pygmalion – My Fair Lady. We will write a custom essay sample on Letters Giving Information or any similar topic only for you Order Now My Fair Lady is a world popular musical and is the record for the longest run of any major musical theatre production in history. Therefore, I’m sure it will attract many audience. The performance will take place at 7 pm on 30th January at the Great Hall in Can Tho university. Visitors are expected to come earlier. To carry out this performance, we prepared thoroughly and drilled diligently. Actors and actresses have formerly acting experience, so I trust audience will not be disappointed with the drama. We’d like if the above information could be included in bulletins of local news. I’m sure that this event will be of interest to many people who love art and drama. Next, allow me to suggest that the journalists could be invited to report on the event, and to interview the actors and members of the audience. This way, members in my class will have better opportunities to develop their career. Thank you for your time  and cooperation in this matter. Please do not hesitate to contact me should you require further information. Yours faithfully, How to cite Letters Giving Information, Essay examples

Definition Of Heroism Essay Example For Students

Definition Of Heroism Essay Kion FinkleyNovember 8th, 2015ENC 1101-027Professor LapinskyDefinition EssayTrue heroism is remarkably sober, very undramatic. It is not the urge to surpass all others at whatever cost, but the urge to serve others at whatever cost. (Arthur Ashe). I agree with Mr. Ashe that to be truly heroic, one must not be concerned with glory, but focused on self-sacrifice. It is striving, without faltering, to reach your ultimate objective. I believe that heroism is realizing the needs of you or someone else and trying your hardest to fulfill those needs, that it is showing dedication to your quest, and that it is not giving up, even when it is believed the odds are against success. Heroism is trying your hardest, no matter the obstacles, to fulfill the needs of yourself or others. In the poem Moco Limping, by David Nava Monreal, a dog that has a dead leg doesnt let that keep him down. He, chases lethargic bees and butterflies, jumps at his owner with his feeble paws and looks at his owner with eyes that cry out with life (Lines 19-27). The dog recognizes his limitations, and instead of letting them bring him down, he lives his life the same, but reaches for goals within his reach. This is heroic because he does not give up because of his obstacle. Also, a son writes about how his mother, Ana, has an obstacle, but does all that she can to fight it, and does not complain. He says that she fights cancer with a smile and, hasnt let it slow her down either (SB 48). This shows that even though she could complain and give up fighting the disease, she tries her hardest, which inspires her loved ones. In addition, in A Man, the poet describes a soldier who loses his arm while fighting for his country. In the beginning of her poem, she describes the soldiers physical limitations from losing his arm, yet the soldier speaks of compensating for his physical disability with enthusiasm, He set himself to do everything with twice as much enthusiasm. And where the arm had been torn away a wing grew (Line 15). The first part dwells on the thought he can only do half of everything, such as a harvest, either tune or play an accompaniment on a piano, banging on a door, and holding his love. He also points out that he will never be able to applaud. However, he decides, instead of giving up, to double his enthusiasm to accomplish the same tasks. Examples of heroism are when people, whether characters in movies or books or in real life, dedicate themselves to their quests. For example, in the movie Mulan, the main character wants to help her father by enlisting in the army instead of him, which is impossible according to Chinese law because she is a girl. Though, instead of giving up at this, she decides to pretend to be a man and goes to extremes to keep up her charade. This is heroic because her father, being the only male in his family, had to enlist in the army, yet he was too sick to fight and would have undoubtedly died in the conflict. Also, in the movie October Sky , the main character, Homer, realizes he wants to be a scientist and never gives up in his quest despite all the setbacks, including very little support from loved ones. His heroism inspires people who know him to go after their own dreams. As well as Homer, Fredrick Douglass is a man who never gave up in what he believed in. Fredrick Douglass worked for the fair treatment of all people. This shows heroism because even though he had setbacks, like being physically beaten, he will always be remembered for working his hardest for the welfare of all people. .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .postImageUrl , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:hover , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:visited , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:active { border:0!important; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:active , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay In Satellites Heroism is not giving up after you have failed a few times. For example, in the book Odyssey, the main character, Odysseus, is stuck with his men in a cave with a ferocious Cyclopes. Despite his fear and the overwhelming odds against him, he does not give up and let him and his men be killed by the monster. Instead, he uses his wit to come up with a plan to get out, The rams were fat with thick fleeces. . . The middle one was to carry one of my men, with the other two on either side to protect him (SB 37). This is a heroic plan. Because of his unrelenting efforts, he saved his mens lives. In life, there are many times in which people can give up or keep on trying. If people keep on trying, it can result in opportunities they never imagined, like saving lives. For example, in the news a while ago, a plane broke down and the pilot decided to land in the Hudson River. Instead of giving up, the pilot made this extreme decision and saved everyone who was on the plane. Also, there is anoth er hero who never gives up. Ana, a cancer patient continually inspires her loved ones with her dedication and determination to make them feel better and cope with her disease. Anas daughter writes about this; Keep going, keep going, she preached aloud, like a guardian angel above the roaring crowd (Line 4). Ana does not give up and bemoan over her hardship, instead, she gives her family hope by her indomitable will to survive despite all odds against her survival. Contrary to popular culture, heroism is not all about gaining glory as sometimes portrayed in the media. Heroism can be as personal as fighting ones own struggle to defeat cancer, trying ones hardest to fight the disease, never giving up in the hope of finding a cure, and showing dedication to pursuing treatment despite setbacks . In studying all of these heroic acts, I realized that the performance of heroic acts not only benefit the people for whom they were performed, but also the individual who performed them. The hero will see life differently, not because of the fame, if any, gained from the act, but knowing that they are capable of performing a service to either themselves or others that is meaningful. This empowers them, making them recognize their strengths and ability to problem solve when others have failed, or given up, before even trying. I hope that I have the courage to rise to the level of heroism if ever I am called to do so as were the individuals in fiction and real life I analyzed. Works Cited1.http://www.arthurashe.org/in-his-words.htmlArthur AsheCopyright 2007 Present. Arthur Ashe Learning Center. All Rights Reserved. 2.http://spectrumof2008.proboards.com/thread/556/lineage-women-ape-moco-limping3.http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-douglass-9278324Frederick Douglass, 2015 Bio and the Bio logo are registered trademarks of AE Television Networks, LLC. Say Entertainment.

The Newtown School Negotiations

Table of Contents Introduction The dispute Negotiation process Consensus building Conclusion Introduction In all aspects of society life, conflicts are bound to occur. These conflicts are normal and may in fact contribute to the health of the community. However, the positive contribution of conflicts greatly hinges on the conflict resolution schemes which are employed. As such, it is imperative that the people involved in the conflict resolve the issues constructively. Key to the constructive resolution of conflicts is the use of negotiation tactics and strategies. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Newtown School Negotiations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this paper, I shall review a conflict resolution between the Newtown School board and the Teacher’s association. As a member of the teacher’s association bargaining team, I shall analyze the various bargaining issues and the negotiatio n process that the two sides engage in so as to arrive at an agreement that suits parties across both sides of the divide. The dispute The first step in the negotiation process is to describe what it is that you want to negotiate. This is based on the concept that negotiation involves a conflict about particular resources. The participants therefore identify if there is a situation that needs to be negotiated. In the Newtown School dispute, the issues at play include the renewal of a contract between the board and the teachers following the expiration of the previous contract. There exist a number of contentious issues which have so far resulted in the unsuccessful finalization of the new contract. One of the contentious issues is the desire by the board to decrease the number of programs offered to students as well as decrease the number of teachers under its current employment. In addition to this, the board proposes to increase the workload of the teachers so as to increase the systems effectiveness therefore enabling it to work well within the budgetary constraints. The teacher’s association bargaining team of which I am a member is opposed to all this proposals by the school board since it sees them as detrimental to the welfare of the teachers. While the board wishes to negotiate a three year contract, the Teacher’s association wants a one year contract which it believes will guarantee flexibility for its members. In addition to this, the my team is opposed to the idea of decreasing the number of teachers in Newtown Schools as well as increasing the work load of the teachers. Negotiation process Having acknowledged the presence of a conflict, the negotiations can be deemed as being ready to begin. The process ideally begins by both parties presenting their issues which are mostly in the form of demands and goals to be met. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15 % OFF Learn More Negotiation involves exchange of proposals and demands so as to reach a solution. The Newtown case in particular presented well defined goals by both parties involved. The goal of my team is to prevent the reduction of the teacher’s work force as well as ensure a flexible contract is given to the teachers. The Teachers Association team also wants to ensure that the workload of the teachers is not unfairly increased. The goals of the Newtown School board is to reduce the cost of running schools by cutting on the number of teachers employed as well as the number of programs offered at schools. In addition to this, the board aims to increase the number of years for the teaching contract so as to stabilize the situation by creating orderly and predictable budgetary needs. Despite the presence of these polarized interests between my side and the school board, there exist interests that are common to both sides. Both parties involved are genuinely concern ed about the well being of their community and in particular, the quality offered to the children. As such, it is desirable to reach a solution that does not alienate the teachers association and the school board since these two entities have always coexisted peacefully. In addition to this, both parties are subjected to the pressure of the community to come up with a solution that will not result in derailing of the educational process of the children. These joint interests are very pivotal in the reaching of an agreement. Once the various positions of the negotiating parties have been established, the negotiating process can commence. For the negotiation process to be undertaken a strategy has to be followed. The strategic choice that was employed in this negotiation was the concession making. In this strategy, each party is required to reduce their demands or aspirations so as to accommodate the other party. This strategies, applied appropriately, is arguably the most prudent g iven the fact that both parties involved in the Newtown dispute have their demands and there is little chance of either party giving in to the objectives of the other party without obtaining any gains. Consensus building Consensus building is a decision and agreement reached by all the identified parties. Through this process, unanimous agreement over the disputed issue(s) is reached. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Newtown School Negotiations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the onset of the negotiating process, both parties were unable to see the common value issues where no opposition existed. Through the negotiation process, my party and the school board have recognized common goals thereby showing us that we are in fact not adversaries. Building on this basis, we have come up with compromises for the community’s and our respective benefit. One of the issues in which a concession has been reac hed is the issue or decreasing the teaching force in Newtown. While the reduction in the number of teachers under employment by the board is seen as necessary, my team at the beginning of the negotiation process opposed this move as it would have jeopardized the work security of the Teacher’s Association members. However, it has been noted that thirty teachers did not return to the system due to either retirement or other reasons. In addition to this, there has been a notable increase (5%) in the number of retirements as the year’s progress. Both teams have therefore agreed that instead of laying off teachers, the board can suspend employing new teachers in the coming years. As a result of this, the teaching force will naturally decrease without the current teaching force suffering from loss of employment. This is a position that is acceptable to both sides. The other issue of concern is the term of the contracts. While the school board proposes a three year term, my team demands a one year term contract. Since both sides have their valid arguments to justify their demands, the only way that this matter can be resolved is through compromise. The two sides therefore agreed on a two year contract which demonstrates a relaxing of the initial demands by both sides. As such, while none of the sides wins, both sides end up with a better bargain that what the other side previously demanded. Conclusion Since there was a desire by my team and the Newtown School board members to come up with a solution that would avert a strike, both teams engaged in negotiation efforts to constructively resolve the conflicts at hand. From these negotiation efforts, compromises were made and both teams agreed to terms that were acceptable to all parties. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since there is goodwill and a desire to avoid dispute by both parties, it can be expected that both parties will fulfill their ends of the bargain therefore leading to a harmonious coexistence. This essay on The Newtown School Negotiations was written and submitted by user Marilyn M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write a Sample Short Essay - Steps to Follow

How to Write a Sample Short Essay - Steps to FollowDo you have a problem with writing a short sample essay? It doesn't have to be hard if you have a sample apa format and follow it religiously. If you want to find the best way to write the kind of essay that interests you, you'll want to look at these tips.Your first step in finding a sample short essay is to read the sample. This way, you can see if it's what you're looking for or not. If it isn't, you might want to change things up a bit.After you've read the sample, you'll have to find a sample that's similar to it. For example, if the sample was about the history of Easter, then there should be a similar example as well. The key is to pick one that stands out from the others. To do this, you have to look at the overall structure of the sample as well as how the parts relate to each other.Once you've figured out what you like about the sample, you'll need to put that information into the actual composition. If you do it properly, your essay will end up being much more effective. You will also want to make sure that you include all of the information that you have and that you include something from a story or quote in there.Writing an essay on any subject is difficult for many people. However, you can break down this into smaller parts if you find a general structure that works well for you. The best way to do this is to analyze the essays that you're familiar with, what you like about them, and try to match those aspects with your own writing style. This will help you keep the format of your short essay the same, but it will also keep you from having to re-write it.After you've taken the time to read the sample, you'll have to figure out what the differences are between the two. For example, if one of the samples was about a family of sheep herding, the other would be about a construction site. By doing this, you can come up with a general structure that fits the topic of your essay.After you've taken the t ime to read some sample apa, you'll be able to improve your short essay. However, you'll want to remember that a lot of the time, it just comes down to trying to identify the main concepts and putting them together to come up with a good conclusion.

Needs Assessment.

Needs Assessment. With the given situation of a new job and a new plant, the method choice for assessment would be the focus groups. As compared to the other methods, this was found most suitable for the circumstances being as it had more advantages than disadvantages for the scenario. The advantages of using this method for the company's needs assessment are: (1) The method is found useful with complex issues and with a new position and a new company, the face-to-face meeting with subject-matter experts would be necessary in constructing a needs assessment for a new training program. (2) Questions are modified to foresee and consider any unanticipated issues that may poise as a future obstacle. The assessment is based on speculating what the needs are going to be and not what they already are. And with the listed disadvantages, two are automatically disregarded on the basis that this organization is a new one and group members attending are also new and this makes the focus meeting a non-threatening one.The new construction of the team dissolves the possibility of being misinformed on job performances, and team members are more willing to contribute sincere information. For a decent assessment the consumption of time or the utilization of a skilled specialist are essential.Upper-Level Management in the Needs Assessment.The second part of the needs assessment analysis, 'who' the training exists for, was traditionally left up to the trainer to decide. But with the changes in the marketplace, a competitive advantage required more from the training process than just the basic skills development. Incorporating upper-management into the assessment process ensures a broader perspective and lines up the training and development goals with that of the company. When evaluating for a needs assessment, the management levels seek the answers for different inquires. The subordinate...

How To Do Remarkable Customer Research With Rand Fishkin

How To Do Remarkable Customer Research With Rand Fishkin Where do your customers hang out? What kinds of things do they like? What publications do they read? Customer research involves a lot of leg work, so does this information even matter? How can you leverage such insight for SEO? Today, we’re talking to Rand Fishkin, founder of SparkToro and author of Lost and Founder. He is a powerhouse in the content marketing and SEO world. Some of the highlights of the show include: Background, origination, and purpose of SparkToro Reaching/Researching Audiences: Slow, frustrating, and inaccurate process Companies spend money contracting agencies for a list of top customers, blogs, podcasts, and events Bones of Audience Intelligence: 1) Identify audiences across channels; 2) Know audience density; 3) Use trustworthy and valuable metrics How to obtain, benchmark, filter, and analyze data Data Points: Which to focus on and where to get them Social Network Profiles: Report follower count and engagement Biases generate unrepresentative data influenced by SEO Significant sample sizes and diverse groups are needed for true coverage Examples of missing specific audiences SparkToro lets you find people who practice specific fields Does current audience intelligence data represent the market as a whole? Improve SEO by helping audience accomplish tasks, and identifying and broadening link sources Powered by PodcastMotor Actionable Content Marketing powered by By AMP081: How To Do Remarkable Customer Research With Rand Fishkin From SparkToro 00:00/00:00 1x 100 > Download file Subscribe on iTunes Leave Review Share Links: Rand Fishkin on Twitter SparkToro Lost and Founder Project Event Safe Moz SurveyMonkey Audience Nate Silver SimilarWeb Pro AMP on iTunes leave a review and send screenshot to podcast@.com If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Rand: â€Å"If you’re looking at a social network profile, don’t just report on follower count, go look at the last 20 or 50 postsreport on how much engagement did each of those get.† â€Å"Go out there, build a company, make mistakes, just don’t make exactly the same ones I did.† â€Å"You get biased by your existing understanding of the field.†

Future Prospects for the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Research Paper

Future Prospects for the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies - Research Paper Example Later, Behring suggested that active immunity could be produced in humans by a combination of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin serum (Llewelyn, Hawkins, Russell, 1992). However, it was Paul Ehrlich whose work made it possible to produce antiserum to diphtheria toxin on a mass scale. The side chain theory of toxicity was proposed by Ehrlich, according to which, â€Å"toxins mediated their effects on cells through preformed protein side chains and immunity arose because of overproduction of these side chains† (Llewelyn, Hawkins, Russell, 1992.) Cà ©sar Milstein and Georges Kà ¶hler, in 1975, managed to produce in vitro "custom-built" antibodies. They produced a hybridoma by fusing rodent antibody-producing cells with tumor cells from mice bone marrow. A hybridoma, provided with the correct nutrients, can grow indefinitely and divide to produce monoclonal antibodies (antibodies of a single type), on a large scale (Saldanha, 2000.) Five classes of immunoglobulin (Ig) are found in mammals: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. In some select mammals, IgG and IgA are further subdivided into subclasses (isotypes) due to polymorphisms in the heavy chain (Lipman et al, 2005). The prototype antibody is IgG, which is a glycoprotein having a molecular weight of 150000 Dalton. The molecule has a Y shaped structure, consisting of two identical heavy chain-light chain heterodimers, that is linked together by a disulfide bridge. While the heavy chain comprises three constant immunoglobulins (Ig) domains and one variable (V) domain, the light chains consist of a single constant Ig domain and a single variable domain. The host defense mechanism is initiated by the antigen binding site (Fab) and the Fc region (fragment crystallizable) site (Llewelyn, Hawkins, Russell, 1992.) In order to effectively bind a wide range of antigens, there are numerous mechanisms which come into play.

The Developing Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Developing Business - Essay Example 20). Apparently, more corporations are getting aware of the necessities of integrating better corporate governance, improved risk management methods, and sufficient business social, financial, and environmental responsibilities that are a pre-requisite for enhanced sustainability. Commercial firms play a fundamental role in the concept of sustainable development, and this is due to their potential to enhance sustainable development and their deleterious effects on the community and ecosystem. Within the essential role that business firms play to achieve sustainable development, social and environmental responsibility has emerged to concretize the paradigm of sustainable development (Schneider, 2014, p. 526). As aforementioned, the three forms of sustainability remains imperative in the maintenance of both societal and organizational needs. Financial sustainability, for instance, ensures that an organization develops structures that focuses on creating significant profit from investments made. Moreover, financial sustainability must focus on embracing the continuous provision of positive outcomes from investment by developing sustainable long-term objectives. On the contrary, environmental sustainability defines an organization’s initiatives and establishment of the structures aimed at significant reduction of causing effects to the surrounding. A business that focuses on environmental sustainability ensures that its operations and daily activities remain friendly to the environment and do not cause climate change, pollution, or degradation. Such environmental sustainable corporations also contribute towards creation and development of policies and initiatives that would enhance e nvironmental safety. On the contrary, social sustainability entails community or societal initiatives aimed at establishing frameworks that ensure

Alcohol Advertisements Exploit Younger Crowds Essay -- Drinking Alcoho

Alcohol Advertisements Exploit Younger Crowds According to the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), approximately 19 percent of teenagers 12 to 17 years old were reported to be engaged in alcohol abuse last year. As teenagers grow older, they tend to maintain a higher level of alcohol consumption. The survey reports that approximately 32 percent of young people aged 18 to 24 continue alcohol abuse. In fact, this is the most troubled age group having the highest rates of alcohol use, alcohol dependence, and need for treatment. In spite of restrictions, several millions of teenagers and adolescents are interested in drinking alcohol and are able to get alcohol. According to the Federal Trade Commissionà ­s survey, alcohol advertising and promotions do not reach, and do not affect teenagers and adolescents. But I contend that younger crowds are reached by alcohol advertisers. Unfortunately, teenagers and adolescents see only the obvious side of alcohol ads--messages on how drinking alcohol may benefit them. A t the same time, alcohol advertisers know that all these messages is nothing but drawing a veil over the exploitative nature of alcohol ads, and advertisers donà ­t care how younger crowds may benefit from drinking, advertisers simply want their money. Roland Barthes, a French philosopher and literary critic, calls advertisements the à ¬signsà ® (47). The sign is a system of signification, which consists of two elements: the à ¬signifierà ®--actual graphical representation that signifies a concept, and the à ¬signifiedà ®--the concept, which is signified by the à ¬signifierà ® (Barthes 115). The author says that, if the à ¬signifierà ® is viewed apart from the concept it utters, the à ¬signifierà ® has no meaning and is not... ... putting warning messages about the possible negative consequences of alcohol use in their ads. Works Cited: Bacardi by Night. Advertisement. Jane Magazine. September 1999. 60-61 Barthes, Roland. Elements of Semiology. New York: Hill and Wang. 1968. 42. Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. New York: Hill & Wang, 1998. 115. Evans, Janet. Self-Regulation in the Alcohol Industry. US Federal Trade Commission. 13 Sept.1999. Online. 12 Nov.99 . Shalala, Donna. 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 18 Aug. 1999. Online posting. 1 Dec. 99 . Stamborski, Al. à ¬FTC Asks that Alcohol Ads be Kept From Minors A-B Begins Campaign Against Drinking Abuse. St. Louis Post à ± Dispatch 10 Sept. 1999: C10.

The Retail Inventory-Level Planning

Retail Inventory-Level Planning consists of retail inventory method (RIM) which is an accounting procedure whose objectives are to maintain a perpetual. It also can book inventory in retail dollars amounts and to maintain records that make it possible to determine the cost value of the inventory at any time without taking a physical inventory. Also known as book inventory system or perpetual book inventory. Retailers also have another important choice to make the stock to sales ratio. The stock to sales ratio is derived directly from the planned inventory to determine monthly additions to stock in the merchandise budget plan. Retailers generally think of their inventory at retail price levels rather than at cost. Retailers use their initial markups, additional markups, and markdowns, and so forth as percentages of retail. When retailers compare their prices to competitors†, they use retail prices. The problem is that when retailers to design their financial plans, evaluate performance, and prepare financial statements, they need to know the cost value of their inventory. Retailers use physical inventories. This process is time consuming and costly. Retailers take physical inventories once or twice a year. Many retailers use point of sale terminals that keep track of every item sold its original cost, and its final selling price. The rest of the retailers face a problem of not knowing the cost value of their inventory at one time. These retailers with either computerized or manual systems can use retail inventory method. Their are five advantages for using RIM over a system of inventory at cost. The does not have to â€Å"cost† each time. When retailers have many SKUs, keeping track of each item becomes difficult and expensive. It is easier to determine the value of inventory with the retail prices marked on the merchandise than unmarked or at coded cost prices. The second advantage for using RIM is that it follows the accepted accounting principal of valuing assets at cost or market value, which is lower. This system lowers the value of inventory when markdowns are taken but does not allow inventory†s value increase with additional markups. When using RIM, the amounts and percentages of initial markups, markdowns, and shrinkage can be identified. This information can then be compared with historical records or industry norms. RIM is useful for determining shrinkage. The difference between the book inventory and the physical inventory can be attributed to shrinkage. The book inventory determined by RIM can be used in an insurance claim in case of a loss. The disadvantages of RIM are system that uses average markup. When markup percentages change during a period or when the inventory on hand at a particular time is not representative of the total goods handled in terms of markup, the resulting cost may be distorted. The inventory turnover, merchandise budget planning, open to buy, all these should be applied to the RIM category basis to avoid the problem. There are four steps in when calculating RIM. Calculate total goods handled at cost and retail, calculate retail reductions, calculate the cumulative markup and cost multiplier, and determine ending book inventory. Calculating the total goods handled in at cost and retail to determine the total goods handled at cost and retail: 1. Record beginning inventory at cost and at retail. The initial markup is reflected in the retail inventory. 2. Calculate net purchases by recording gross purchases and adjusting for merchandise returned to vendor. 3. Calculate net additional markups by adjusting gross additional markup cancellations. Note: These are recorded only at retail because markups affect only the retail value of inventory. 4. Record transportation expenses. Here transportation is recorded at cost because it affects only the cost of the inventory. 5. Calculate net transfers by recording the transfers in and out. A transfer can be from one department to another or from one store to the next. Transfers are generally made to help adjust inventory to fit demand. A transfer is, in effect, just like a purchase (transfer in) or a return (transfer out). Thus, it is recorded at both cost and retail. 6. The sum is the total goods handled. Calculating retail reductions are the transactions that reduce the value inventory at retail (except additional markup cancellations, which were included as part of the total goods handled). Reductions are calculated as follows: 1. The largest reduction in inventory is sales. Gross sales are reduced to net sales by deducting customer returns and allowances. 2. Calculate markdowns, are derived by subtracting any markdowns from gross markdowns. 3. Record discounts to employees and customers. 4. Record estimated shrinkage is used to determine the ending book inventory if the buyer has prepared an interim financial statement. Estimate shrinkage would not be included if a physical inventory were taken at the same time. The difference between physical inventory and book inventory would be the amount due to loss. Next, a retailer has to calculate the cumulative markup and the cost multiplier. The cumulative markup is the average percentage markup for the period. It is calculated like this: Cumulative markup total retail The cumulative markup can be used as a measuring stick against the planned initial markup. If the cumulative markup is higher than the planned initial markup, then the Category is doing better than expected. Cost multiplier =($100-cumulative markup %) The cost multiplier is used in the next step to determine the ending book inventory at retail price. The final step in the process is determining the ending book inventory at cost and retail. Ending book inventory at retail = total goods handled at retail – total reductions The ending book inventory at cost is determined the same way that retail has changed to cost. Ending book inventory at cost = ending book inventory at retail * cost multiplier When using the RIM retailers generally use the average beginning of month (BOM) stock to sales ratio. This is taken from the planned inventory which was taken from the RIM. This is used to determine monthly additions to stock in the merchandise budget plan. The BOM is broken down into three different methods week†s supply method, basic stock method, and percentage variation method. The week†s supply method is the inventory management method is the most similar to the stock to sales method. The difference between the two is that everything is expressed in weeks rather than months. The average BOM stock to sales ratio is equal to months in the period divided by the planned inventory for the period. â€Å"If the plan is for 12 months and planned turnover is 6, the average BOM stock to sales ratio = 12/6=2. Using the week†s supply method, 52 weeks are substituted for 12 months. Thus, 52 weeks 6 turns =8.66 weeks of supply. This means the buyer is planning to have 8.66 weeks of supply at the beginning of the month. (Of course, 8.66 weeks is equivalent to two months.)† The basic stock method is the inventory management method used to determine the BOM inventory by considering both the sales forecast for the month and the back-up stock.